On (18/05/07 11:10), [email protected] didst pronounce:
> Slab defragmentation occurs when the slabs are shrunk (after inode, dentry
> shrinkers have been run from the reclaim code) or when a manual shrinking
> is requested via slabinfo. During the shrink operation SLUB will generate a
> list of partially populated slabs sorted by the number of objects in use.
>
> We extract pages off that list that are only filled less than a quarter and
> attempt to motivate the users of those slabs to either remove the objects
> or move the objects.
>
I know I brought up this "less than a quarter" thing before and I
haven't thought of a better alternative. However, it occurs to be that
shrink_slab() is called when there is awareness of a reclaim priority.
It may be worth passing that down so that the fraction of candidates
pages is calculated based on priority.
That said..... where is kmem_cache_shrink() ever called? The freeing of
slab pages seems to be indirect these days. Way back,
kmem_cache_shrink() used to be called directly but I'm not sure where it
happens now.
> Targeted reclaim allows to target a single slab for reclaim. This is done by
> calling
>
> kmem_cache_vacate(page);
>
> It will return 1 on success, 0 if the operation failed.
>
>
> In order for a slabcache to support defragmentation a couple of functions
> must be defined via kmem_cache_ops. These are
>
> void *get(struct kmem_cache *s, int nr, void **objects)
>
> Must obtain a reference to the listed objects. SLUB guarantees that
> the objects are still allocated. However, other threads may be blocked
> in slab_free attempting to free objects in the slab. These may succeed
> as soon as get() returns to the slab allocator. The function must
> be able to detect the situation and void the attempts to handle such
> objects (by for example voiding the corresponding entry in the objects
> array).
>
> No slab operations may be performed in get_reference(). Interrupts
> are disabled. What can be done is very limited. The slab lock
> for the page with the object is taken. Any attempt to perform a slab
> operation may lead to a deadlock.
>
> get() returns a private pointer that is passed to kick. Should we
> be unable to obtain all references then that pointer may indicate
> to the kick() function that it should not attempt any object removal
> or move but simply remove the reference counts.
>
Much clearer than before.
> void kick(struct kmem_cache *, int nr, void **objects, void *get_result)
>
> After SLUB has established references to the objects in a
> slab it will drop all locks and then use kick() to move objects out
> of the slab. The existence of the object is guaranteed by virtue of
> the earlier obtained references via get(). The callback may perform
> any slab operation since no locks are held at the time of call.
>
> The callback should remove the object from the slab in some way. This
> may be accomplished by reclaiming the object and then running
> kmem_cache_free() or reallocating it and then running
> kmem_cache_free(). Reallocation is advantageous because the partial
> slabs were just sorted to have the partial slabs with the most objects
> first. Allocation is likely to result in filling up a slab so that
> it can be removed from the partial list.
>
> Kick() does not return a result. SLUB will check the number of
> remaining objects in the slab. If all objects were removed then
> we know that the operation was successful.
>
Again, much clearer.
> If a kmem_cache_vacate on a page fails then the slab has usually a pretty
> low usage ratio. Go through the slab and resequence the freelist so that
> object addresses increase as we allocate objects. This will trigger the
> cacheline prefetcher when we start allocating from the slab again and
> thereby increase allocations speed.
>
Nice idea.
> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
>
> ---
> include/linux/slab.h | 31 +++++
> mm/slab.c | 9 +
> mm/slob.c | 9 +
> mm/slub.c | 264 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
> 4 files changed, 303 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
>
> Index: slub/include/linux/slab.h
> ===================================================================
> --- slub.orig/include/linux/slab.h 2007-05-18 00:13:39.000000000 -0700
> +++ slub/include/linux/slab.h 2007-05-18 00:13:40.000000000 -0700
> @@ -39,6 +39,36 @@ void __init kmem_cache_init(void);
> int slab_is_available(void);
>
> struct kmem_cache_ops {
> + /*
> + * Called with slab lock held and interrupts disabled.
> + * No slab operation may be performed.
> + *
> + * Parameters passed are the number of objects to process
> + * and a an array of pointers to objects for which we
> + * need references.
> + *
s/a an/an/
> + * Returns a pointer that is passed to the kick function.
> + * If all objects cannot be moved then the pointer may
> + * indicate that this wont work and then kick can simply
> + * remove the references that were already obtained.
> + *
> + * The array passed to get() is also passed to kick(). The
> + * function may remove objects by setting array elements to NULL.
> + */
> + void *(*get)(struct kmem_cache *, int nr, void **);
> +
> + /*
> + * Called with no locks held and interrupts enabled.
> + * Any operation may be performed in kick().
> + *
> + * Parameters passed are the number of objects in the array,
> + * the array of pointers to the objects and the pointer
> + * returned by get().
> + *
> + * Success is checked by examining the number of remaining
> + * objects in the slab.
> + */
> + void (*kick)(struct kmem_cache *, int nr, void **, void *private);
> };
>
> struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache_create(const char *, size_t, size_t,
> @@ -53,6 +83,7 @@ void kmem_cache_free(struct kmem_cache *
> unsigned int kmem_cache_size(struct kmem_cache *);
> const char *kmem_cache_name(struct kmem_cache *);
> int kmem_ptr_validate(struct kmem_cache *cachep, const void *ptr);
> +int kmem_cache_vacate(struct page *);
>
> /*
> * Please use this macro to create slab caches. Simply specify the
> Index: slub/mm/slub.c
> ===================================================================
> --- slub.orig/mm/slub.c 2007-05-18 00:13:39.000000000 -0700
> +++ slub/mm/slub.c 2007-05-18 09:55:47.000000000 -0700
> @@ -1043,12 +1043,11 @@ static struct page *new_slab(struct kmem
> n = get_node(s, page_to_nid(page));
> if (n)
> atomic_long_inc(&n->nr_slabs);
> +
> + page->inuse = 0;
> + page->lockless_freelist = NULL;
> page->offset = s->offset / sizeof(void *);
> page->slab = s;
> - page->flags |= 1 << PG_slab;
> - if (s->flags & (SLAB_DEBUG_FREE | SLAB_RED_ZONE | SLAB_POISON |
> - SLAB_STORE_USER | SLAB_TRACE))
> - SetSlabDebug(page);
>
> start = page_address(page);
> end = start + s->objects * s->size;
> @@ -1066,11 +1065,20 @@ static struct page *new_slab(struct kmem
> set_freepointer(s, last, NULL);
>
> page->freelist = start;
> - page->lockless_freelist = NULL;
> - page->inuse = 0;
> -out:
> - if (flags & __GFP_WAIT)
> - local_irq_disable();
> +
> + /*
> + * page->inuse must be 0 when PageSlab(page) becomes
> + * true so that defrag knows that this slab is not in use.
> + */
> + smp_wmb();
> + __SetPageSlab(page);
> + if (s->flags & (SLAB_DEBUG_FREE | SLAB_RED_ZONE | SLAB_POISON |
> + SLAB_STORE_USER | SLAB_TRACE))
> + SetSlabDebug(page);
> +
> + out:
> + if (flags & __GFP_WAIT)
> + local_irq_disable();
> return page;
> }
>
> @@ -2323,6 +2331,191 @@ void kfree(const void *x)
> EXPORT_SYMBOL(kfree);
>
> /*
> + * Order the freelist so that addresses increase as object are allocated.
> + * This is useful to trigger the cpu cacheline prefetching logic.
> + */
makes sense. However, it occurs to me that maybe this should be a
separate patch so it can be measured to be sure. It makes sense though.
> +void resequence_freelist(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
> +{
> + void *p;
> + void *last;
> + void *addr = page_address(page);
> + DECLARE_BITMAP(map, s->objects);
> +
> + bitmap_zero(map, s->objects);
> +
> + /* Figure out which objects are on the freelist */
> + for_each_free_object(p, s, page->freelist)
> + set_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map);
> +
> + last = NULL;
> + for_each_object(p, s, addr)
> + if (test_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map)) {
> + if (last)
> + set_freepointer(s, last, p);
> + else
> + page->freelist = p;
> + last = p;
> + }
> +
> + if (last)
> + set_freepointer(s, last, NULL);
> + else
> + page->freelist = NULL;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Vacate all objects in the given slab.
> + *
> + * Slab must be locked and frozen. Interrupts are disabled (flags must
> + * be passed).
> + *
It may not hurt to have a VM_BUG_ON() if interrupts are still enabled when
this is called
> + * Will drop and regain and drop the slab lock. At the end the slab will
> + * either be freed or returned to the partial lists.
> + *
> + * Returns the number of remaining objects
> + */
> +static int __kmem_cache_vacate(struct kmem_cache *s,
> + struct page *page, unsigned long flags, void **vector)
> +{
> + void *p;
> + void *addr = page_address(page);
> + DECLARE_BITMAP(map, s->objects);
> + int leftover;
> + int objects;
> + void *private;
> +
> + if (!page->inuse)
> + goto out;
> +
> + /* Determine used objects */
> + bitmap_fill(map, s->objects);
> + for_each_free_object(p, s, page->freelist)
> + __clear_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map);
> +
> + objects = 0;
> + memset(vector, 0, s->objects * sizeof(void **));
> + for_each_object(p, s, addr) {
> + if (test_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map))
> + vector[objects++] = p;
> + }
> +
> + private = s->ops->get(s, objects, vector);
> +
> + /*
> + * Got references. Now we can drop the slab lock. The slab
> + * is frozen so it cannot vanish from under us nor will
> + * allocations be performed on the slab. However, unlocking the
> + * slab will allow concurrent slab_frees to proceed.
> + */
> + slab_unlock(page);
> + local_irq_restore(flags);
I recognise that you want to restore interrupts as early as possible but
it should be noted somewhere that kmem_cache_vacate() disables
interrupts and __kmem_cache_vacate() enabled them again. I had to go
searching to see where interrupts are enabled again.
Maybe even a slab_lock_irq() and slab_unlock_irq() would clarify things
a little.
> +
> + /*
> + * Perform the KICK callbacks to remove the objects.
> + */
> + s->ops->kick(s, objects, vector, private);
> +
> + local_irq_save(flags);
> + slab_lock(page);
> +out:
> + /*
> + * Check the result and unfreeze the slab
> + */
> + leftover = page->inuse;
> + if (leftover > 0)
> + /*
> + * Cannot free. Lets at least optimize the freelist. We have
> + * likely touched all the cachelines with the free pointers
> + * already so it is cheap to do here.
> + */
> + resequence_freelist(s, page);
> + unfreeze_slab(s, page);
> + local_irq_restore(flags);
> + return leftover;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Get a page off a list and freeze it. Must be holding slab lock.
> + */
> +static void freeze_from_list(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
> +{
> + if (page->inuse < s->objects)
> + remove_partial(s, page);
> + else if (s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
> + remove_full(s, page);
> + SetSlabFrozen(page);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Attempt to free objects in a page. Return 1 if succesful.
> + */
> +int kmem_cache_vacate(struct page *page)
> +{
> + unsigned long flags;
> + struct kmem_cache *s;
> + int vacated = 0;
> + void **vector = NULL;
> +
> + /*
> + * Get a reference to the page. Return if its freed or being freed.
> + * This is necessary to make sure that the page does not vanish
> + * from under us before we are able to check the result.
> + */
> + if (!get_page_unless_zero(page))
> + return 0;
> +
> + if (!PageSlab(page))
> + goto out;
> +
> + s = page->slab;
> + if (!s)
> + goto out;
> +
> + vector = kmalloc(s->objects * sizeof(void *), GFP_KERNEL);
> + if (!vector)
> + return 0;
Is it worth logging this event, returning -ENOMEM or something so that
callers are aware of why kmem_cache_vacate() failed in this instance?
Also.. we have called get_page_unless_zero() but if we are out of memory
here, where have we called put_page()? Maybe we should be "goto out"
here with a
if (vector)
kfree(vector);
> +
> + local_irq_save(flags);
> + /*
> + * The implicit memory barrier in slab_lock guarantees that page->inuse
> + * is loaded after PageSlab(page) has been established to be true. This is
> + * only revelant for a newly created slab.
> + */
> + slab_lock(page);
> +
> + /*
> + * We may now have locked a page that may be in various stages of
> + * being freed. If the PageSlab bit is off then we have already
> + * reached the page allocator. If page->inuse is zero then we are
> + * in SLUB but freeing or allocating the page.
> + * page->inuse is never modified without the slab lock held.
> + *
> + * Also abort if the page happens to be already frozen. If its
> + * frozen then a concurrent vacate may be in progress.
> + */
> + if (!PageSlab(page) || SlabFrozen(page) || !page->inuse)
> + goto out_locked;
> +
> + /*
> + * We are holding a lock on a slab page and all operations on the
> + * slab are blocking.
> + */
> + if (!s->ops->get || !s->ops->kick)
> + goto out_locked;
> + freeze_from_list(s, page);
> + vacated = __kmem_cache_vacate(s, page, flags, vector) == 0;
That is a little funky looking. This may be nicer;
vacated = __kmem_cache_vacate(s, page, flags, vector);
out:
....
return vacated == 0;
> +out:
> + put_page(page);
> + kfree(vector);
> + return vacated;
> +out_locked:
> + slab_unlock(page);
> + local_irq_restore(flags);
> + goto out;
> +
> +}
> +
> +/*
> * kmem_cache_shrink removes empty slabs from the partial lists and sorts
> * the remaining slabs by the number of items in use. The slabs with the
> * most items in use come first. New allocations will then fill those up
> @@ -2337,11 +2530,12 @@ int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache
> int node;
> int i;
> struct kmem_cache_node *n;
> - struct page *page;
> + struct page *page, *page2;
> struct page *t;
> struct list_head *slabs_by_inuse =
> kmalloc(sizeof(struct list_head) * s->objects, GFP_KERNEL);
> unsigned long flags;
> + LIST_HEAD(zaplist);
>
> if (!slabs_by_inuse)
> return -ENOMEM;
> @@ -2392,8 +2586,44 @@ int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache
> for (i = s->objects - 1; i >= 0; i--)
> list_splice(slabs_by_inuse + i, n->partial.prev);
>
> + /*
> + * If we have no functions available to defragment the slabs
> + * then we are done.
> + */
> + if (!s->ops->get || !s->ops->kick)
> + goto out;
> +
> + /* Take objects with just a few objects off the tail */
> + while (n->nr_partial > MAX_PARTIAL) {
> + page = container_of(n->partial.prev, struct page, lru);
> +
> + /*
> + * We are holding the list_lock so we can only
> + * trylock the slab
> + */
> + if (page->inuse > s->objects / 4)
> + break;
> +
> + if (!slab_trylock(page))
> + break;
> +
> + list_move_tail(&page->lru, &zaplist);
> + n->nr_partial--;
> + SetSlabFrozen(page);
> + slab_unlock(page);
> + }
> out:
> spin_unlock_irqrestore(&n->list_lock, flags);
> +
> + /* Now we can free objects in the slabs on the zaplist */
> + list_for_each_entry_safe(page, page2, &zaplist, lru) {
> + unsigned long flags;
> +
> + local_irq_save(flags);
> + slab_lock(page);
> + __kmem_cache_vacate(s, page, flags,
> + (void **)slabs_by_inuse);
> + }
> }
>
> kfree(slabs_by_inuse);
> @@ -3229,6 +3459,20 @@ static ssize_t ops_show(struct kmem_cach
> x += sprint_symbol(buf + x, (unsigned long)s->ctor);
> x += sprintf(buf + x, "\n");
> }
> +
> + if (s->ops->get) {
> + x += sprintf(buf + x, "get : ");
> + x += sprint_symbol(buf + x,
> + (unsigned long)s->ops->get);
> + x += sprintf(buf + x, "\n");
> + }
> +
> + if (s->ops->kick) {
> + x += sprintf(buf + x, "kick : ");
> + x += sprint_symbol(buf + x,
> + (unsigned long)s->ops->kick);
> + x += sprintf(buf + x, "\n");
> + }
> return x;
> }
> SLAB_ATTR_RO(ops);
> Index: slub/mm/slab.c
> ===================================================================
> --- slub.orig/mm/slab.c 2007-05-18 00:13:39.000000000 -0700
> +++ slub/mm/slab.c 2007-05-18 00:13:40.000000000 -0700
> @@ -2516,6 +2516,15 @@ int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache
> }
> EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_shrink);
>
> +/*
> + * SLAB does not support slab defragmentation
> + */
> +int kmem_cache_vacate(struct page *page)
> +{
> + return 0;
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_vacate);
> +
> /**
> * kmem_cache_destroy - delete a cache
> * @cachep: the cache to destroy
> Index: slub/mm/slob.c
> ===================================================================
> --- slub.orig/mm/slob.c 2007-05-18 00:13:39.000000000 -0700
> +++ slub/mm/slob.c 2007-05-18 00:13:40.000000000 -0700
> @@ -394,6 +394,15 @@ int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache
> }
> EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_shrink);
>
> +/*
> + * SLOB does not support slab defragmentation
> + */
> +int kmem_cache_vacate(struct page *page)
> +{
> + return 0;
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_vacate);
> +
> int kmem_ptr_validate(struct kmem_cache *a, const void *b)
> {
> return 0;
>
--
Mel Gorman
Part-time Phd Student Linux Technology Center
University of Limerick IBM Dublin Software Lab
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