On Fri, 7 Jul 2006, Krzysztof Halasa wrote:
> "linux-os \(Dick Johnson\)" <[email protected]> writes:
>
>> extern int spinner;
>>
>> funct(){
>> while(spinner)
>> ;
>>
>> The 'C' compiler has no choice but to actually make that memory access
>> and read the variable because the variable is in another module (a.k.a.
>> file).
>
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ gcc --version
> gcc (GCC) 4.1.1 20060525 (Red Hat 4.1.1-1)
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ cat test.c
> extern int spinner;
>
> void funct(void)
> {
> while(spinner)
> ;
> }
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ gcc -Wall -O2 -c test.c
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ objdump -d test.o
>
> test.o: file format elf32-i386
>
> Disassembly of section .text:
>
> 00000000 <funct>:
> 0: a1 00 00 00 00 mov 0x0,%eax
> 5: 55 push %ebp
> 6: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
> 8: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax
> a: 8d b6 00 00 00 00 lea 0x0(%esi),%esi
> 10: 75 fe jne 10 <funct+0x10>
> 12: 5d pop %ebp
> 13: c3 ret
>
> "0x0" is, of course, for relocation.
So read the code; you have "10: jne 10", jumping to itself
forever, without even doing anything else to set the flags, much
less reading a variable.
>
>> However, if I have the same code, but the variable is visible during
>> compile time, i.e.,
>>
>> int spinner=0;
>>
>> funct(){
>> while(spinner)
>> ;
>>
>> ... the compiler may eliminate that code altogether because it
>> 'knows' that spinner is FALSE, having initialized it to zero
>> itself.
>
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ cat test.c
> int spinner = 0;
>
> void funct(void)
> {
> while(spinner)
> ;
> }
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ gcc -Wall -O2 -c test.c
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ objdump -d test.o
>
> 00000000 <funct>:
> 0: a1 00 00 00 00 mov 0x0,%eax
> 5: 55 push %ebp
> 6: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
> 8: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax
> a: 8d b6 00 00 00 00 lea 0x0(%esi),%esi
> 10: 75 fe jne 10 <funct+0x10>
> 12: 5d pop %ebp
> 13: c3 ret
>
Then, you have exactly the same thing here:
10: 75 fe jne 10 <funct+0x10>
Same bad code.
>> Since spinner is global in scope, somebody surely could have
>> changed it before funct() was even called, but the current gcc
>> 'C' compiler doesn't care and may optimize it away entirely.
>
> Personally I don't think such C compiler even existed. HISOFT C
> on ZX Spectrum could be a good candidate but I think it didn't
> have any optimizer :-)
>
>> To
>> prevent this, you must declare the variable volatile. To do
>> otherwise is a bug.
>
> Nope. Volatile just means that every read (and write) must actually
> access the variable. Note that the compiler optimized out accesses
> to the variable in the loop - while it has to check at the beginning
> of funct(), it knows that the variable is constant through funct().
>
> Note that "volatile" is not exactly what we usually want, but it
> does the job (i.e., the program doesn't crash, but the code is
> probably suboptimal).
>
>> That said, I think that the current
>> implementation of 'volatile' is broken because the compiler
>> seems to believe that the variable has moved! It recalculates
>> the address of the variable as well as accessing its value.
>> This is what makes the code generation problematical.
>
> You must be using a heavily broken compiler:
>
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ cat test.c
> volatile int spinner = 0;
>
> void funct(void)
> {
> while(spinner)
> ;
> }
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ gcc -Wall -O2 -c test.c
> defiant:/tmp/khc$ objdump -d test.o
>
> 00000000 <funct>:
> 0: 55 push %ebp
> 1: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
> 3: a1 00 00 00 00 mov 0x0,%eax
> 8: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax
> a: 75 f7 jne 3 <funct+0x3>
> c: 5d pop %ebp
> d: c3 ret
This is the only code that works. Guess why it worked? Because
you declared the variable volatile.
Now Linus declares that instead of declaring an object volatile
so that it is actually accessed every time it is referenced, he wants
to use a GNU-ism with assembly that tells the compiler to re-read
__every__ variable existing im memory, instead of just one. Go figure!
Reference:
/usr/src/linux-2.6.16.4/include/linux/compiler-gcc.h:
#define barrier() __asm__ __volatile__("": : :"memory")
> --
> Krzysztof Halasa
>
Cheers,
Dick Johnson
Penguin : Linux version 2.6.16.4 on an i686 machine (5592.89 BogoMips).
New book: http://www.AbominableFirebug.com/
_
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