The conditionals && and || in bash are short-circuit, so that once a term is evaluated that determines the success or failure of the entire expression, evaluation of the remaining alternatives is skipped. In a test expression (enclosed in [ ... ]), are the conditionals -a and -o also short-circuit? The O'Reilly BASH book seems to suggest that they are not, but the description seems to me to be ambiguous. TIA. -- Matthew Saltzman Clemson University Math Sciences mjs AT clemson DOT edu http://www.math.clemson.edu/~mjs