I realize that this is off-topic. Hopefully you will forgive me for imposing on you like this. I'm new to *nix administration. I've used *nix installations for years in various incarnations (Xenix, Solaris, HPUX et al.) but not on the admin side. Backup is still something of a mystery to me. It seems that there are two schools of thought cpio tar It also seems that each side thinks the other side is nuts. It also seems that using links (soft or otherwise) is not well handled by either technique. It also seems that everyone agrees that using tape is the Way To Go(tm). Can anyone tell me whether my impressions on this matter be correct? Is there a good tutorial which can give me relative pros and cons of cpio style vs. tar style backup? How about which directories actually need backing up? How about how does one actually recover when the worst happens? How about disc upgrades? I suppose that /etc/fstab needs to be new, but /etc/hosts needs to be restored. How does one go about doing these "partial" restores to get the machine back running again? I also don't want to use a tape drive, being (as some are) on a restricted budget, both for time to learn new stuff and monetarily, being among the Great Telecom Layoff. There are very nice Windows programs which create initial/disaster recovery CDs which can completely rebuild a system to the way it was when initially created, and then do backups to CD after that. *nix seems not to have any such concept. Anyway, thanks for you time. Mike -- p="p=%c%s%c;main(){printf(p,34,p,34);}";main(){printf(p,34,p,34);} This message made from 100% recycled bits. I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you. I speak only for myself, and I am unanimous in that!