On Sun, 20 Feb 2005 20:38:05 -0700, James McKenzie <jjmckenzie51@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote: > I try in order: > > kill <pid> > kill -2 <pid> > kill -15 <pid> > kill -9 <pid> You should really use the symbolic symbol names (use kill -l to list them). kill -s INT kill -s TERM kill -s KILL The SIGINT signal is usually what Control-C sends, and typically indicates a keyboard/interactive interrupt. It may or may not terminate a program, depending on what the program desires to do. SIGTERM is the standard signal used to tell a program to shut down (and is the default one sent by the kill command if no signal is specified). SIGKILL is usually the last resort, it will imemdiately kill any processes that is killable (and will not allow the program to clean up after itself). There are also a couple other signals that sometimes are used to shut down processes: SIGHUP is automatically sent to all child processes of your shell when you log out of your shell; and so most interactive commands will cleanly shut down when receiving it (just like a SIGTERM). SIGQUIT is also sometimes used to tell processes to shut down, but is usually more abrupt than SIGTERM or SIGHUP, almost like an emergency shutdown rather than a graceful shutdown. Be aware of killing processes more harshly than necessary. Never just do a kill -9 (SIGKILL) unless you've tried everything else first! You could perhaps leave lock files laying around, or even cause corrupted files or databases (and you don't want to chance corrupting your RPM database). Note that the behavior of Control-C in a shell is really a property of the pseudo-tty driver. You can in fact change it to use another key. Try running "stty -a" to list the current "special" keys. The "intr" is the keystroke that causes an interrupt (SIGINT). The "quit" keystroke (usually Control-\) sends a SIGQUIT...which will usually terminate most programs, even those that ignore or trap Control-C. > However this would not kill a DEFUNCT process. Anyone got an idea on > how to do this? Defunct processes (also called zombies) are already dead, and thus can't be killed again. If you see defunct processes showing up in your process listing, then look to see what the parent process is. The defunct process entry will disappear either when the parent is itself killed, or if the parent process reaps it. Other than consuming a slot in the process table, a defunct process otherwise consumes no system resources--no CPU, no disk, no files, and no memory (except perhaps just a small handful of bytes). You only need to worry about defunct processes if they tend to stick around a long time and you accumulate a lot of them; in which case it's the parent process that is to blame. -- Deron Meranda
