gcc 4.3 supports a new __attribute__((__cold__)) to mark functions cold. Any
path directly leading to a call of this function will be unlikely. And gcc
will try to generate smaller code for the function itself.
Please use with care. The code generation advantage isn't large and in most
cases it is not worth uglifying code with this.
This patch marks some common error functions like panic(), printk(), BUG()
as cold. This will longer term make many unlikely()s unnecessary, although
we can keep them for now for older compilers.
Also all __init and __exit functions are marked cold. With a non -Os
build this will tell the compiler to generate slightly smaller code
for them. I think it currently only uses less alignments for labels,
but that might change in the future.
One disadvantage over *likely() is that they cannot be easily instrumented
to verify them.
Another drawback is that only the latest gcc 4.3 snapshots support this.
Unfortunately we cannot detect this using the preprocessor. This means older
snapshots will fail now. I don't think that's a problem because they are
unreleased compilers that nobody should be using.
gcc also has a __hot__ attribute, but I don't see any sense in using
this in the kernel right now. But someday I hope gcc will be able
to use more aggressive optimizing for hot functions even in -Os,
if that happens it should be added.
Includes compile fix from Thomas Gleixner.
TBD wait for COLD()
Cc: [email protected]
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
---
include/asm-generic/bug.h | 1 +
include/asm-i386/bug.h | 4 ++++
include/asm-x86_64/bug.h | 8 ++++++--
include/linux/compiler-gcc4.h | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
include/linux/compiler.h | 12 ++++++++++++
include/linux/init.h | 8 ++++----
include/linux/kernel.h | 8 ++++----
7 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
Index: linux/include/asm-generic/bug.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/asm-generic/bug.h
+++ linux/include/asm-generic/bug.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ struct bug_entry {
#ifndef HAVE_ARCH_BUG
#define BUG() do { \
+ COLD(); \
printk("BUG: failure at %s:%d/%s()!\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__); \
panic("BUG!"); \
} while (0)
Index: linux/include/asm-i386/bug.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/asm-i386/bug.h
+++ linux/include/asm-i386/bug.h
@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@
#ifdef CONFIG_BUG
#define HAVE_ARCH_BUG
+#include <linux/compiler.h>
+
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE
#define BUG() \
do { \
+ COLD(); \
asm volatile("1:\tud2\n" \
".pushsection __bug_table,\"a\"\n" \
"2:\t.long 1b, %c0\n" \
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@
#else
#define BUG() \
do { \
+ COLD(); \
asm volatile("ud2"); \
for(;;) ; \
} while(0)
Index: linux/include/asm-x86_64/bug.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/asm-x86_64/bug.h
+++ linux/include/asm-x86_64/bug.h
@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
#ifdef CONFIG_BUG
#define HAVE_ARCH_BUG
+#include <linux/compiler.h>
+
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE
#define BUG() \
do { \
+ COLD(); \
asm volatile("1:\tud2\n" \
".pushsection __bug_table,\"a\"\n" \
"2:\t.quad 1b, %c0\n" \
@@ -20,14 +23,15 @@
#else
#define BUG() \
do { \
+ COLD(); \
asm volatile("ud2"); \
for(;;) ; \
} while(0)
#endif
-void out_of_line_bug(void);
+void out_of_line_bug(void) __cold;
#else
-static inline void out_of_line_bug(void) { }
+static inline void out_of_line_bug(void) __cold { }
#endif
#include <asm-generic/bug.h>
Index: linux/include/linux/compiler-gcc4.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/linux/compiler-gcc4.h
+++ linux/include/linux/compiler-gcc4.h
@@ -23,3 +23,26 @@
* code
*/
#define uninitialized_var(x) x = x
+
+#if !(__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 3)
+/* Mark functions as cold. gcc will assume any path leading to a call
+ to them will be unlikely. This means a lot of manual unlikely()s
+ are unnecessary now for any paths leading to the usual suspects
+ like BUG(), printk(), panic() etc. [but let's keep them for now for
+ older compilers]
+
+ Early snapshots of gcc 4.3 don't support this and we can't detect this
+ in the preprocessor, but we can live with this because they're unreleased.
+ Maketime probing would be overkill here.
+
+ gcc also has a __attribute__((__hot__)) to move hot functions into
+ a special section, but I don't see any sense in this right now in
+ the kernel context */
+#define __cold __attribute__((__cold__))
+
+/* Use this to mark a path cold that isn't a function call
+ Use with care. The code generation advantage isn't large and it is rarely
+ worth it to uglify your code with this. */
+static inline void __cold cold_inline(void) {}
+#define COLD() cold_inline();
+#endif
Index: linux/include/linux/compiler.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/linux/compiler.h
+++ linux/include/linux/compiler.h
@@ -174,4 +174,16 @@ extern void __chk_io_ptr(const void __io
# define __attribute_const__ /* unimplemented */
#endif
+/*
+ * Tell gcc if a function is cold. The compiler will assume any path
+ * directly leading to the call is unlikely.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __cold
+#define __cold
+#endif
+#ifndef COLD
+#define COLD() do {} while (0)
+#endif
+
#endif /* __LINUX_COMPILER_H */
Index: linux/include/linux/init.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/linux/init.h
+++ linux/include/linux/init.h
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@
/* These are for everybody (although not all archs will actually
discard it in modules) */
-#define __init __attribute__ ((__section__ (".init.text")))
+#define __init __attribute__ ((__section__ (".init.text"))) __cold
#define __initdata __attribute__ ((__section__ (".init.data")))
#define __exitdata __attribute__ ((__section__(".exit.data")))
-#define __exit_call __attribute_used__ __attribute__ ((__section__ (".exitcall.exit")))
+#define __exit_call __attribute_used__ __attribute__ ((__section__ (".exitcall.exit"))) __cold
/* modpost check for section mismatches during the kernel build.
* A section mismatch happens when there are references from a
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@
#define __initdata_refok __attribute__ ((__section__ (".data.init.refok")))
#ifdef MODULE
-#define __exit __attribute__ ((__section__(".exit.text")))
+#define __exit __attribute__ ((__section__(".exit.text"))) __cold
#else
-#define __exit __attribute_used__ __attribute__ ((__section__(".exit.text")))
+#define __exit __attribute_used__ __attribute__ ((__section__(".exit.text"))) __cold
#endif
/* For assembly routines */
Index: linux/include/linux/kernel.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/linux/kernel.h
+++ linux/include/linux/kernel.h
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ extern int cond_resched(void);
extern struct atomic_notifier_head panic_notifier_list;
extern long (*panic_blink)(long time);
NORET_TYPE void panic(const char * fmt, ...)
- __attribute__ ((NORET_AND format (printf, 1, 2)));
+ __attribute__ ((NORET_AND format (printf, 1, 2))) __cold;
extern void oops_enter(void);
extern void oops_exit(void);
extern int oops_may_print(void);
@@ -155,14 +155,14 @@ extern void dump_thread(struct pt_regs *
asmlinkage int vprintk(const char *fmt, va_list args)
__attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 0)));
asmlinkage int printk(const char * fmt, ...)
- __attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+ __attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 2))) __cold;
#else
static inline int vprintk(const char *s, va_list args)
__attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 0)));
static inline int vprintk(const char *s, va_list args) { return 0; }
static inline int printk(const char *s, ...)
__attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-static inline int printk(const char *s, ...) { return 0; }
+static inline int __cold printk(const char *s, ...) { return 0; }
#endif
unsigned long int_sqrt(unsigned long);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ extern enum system_states {
#define TAINT_USER (1<<6)
#define TAINT_DIE (1<<7)
-extern void dump_stack(void);
+extern void dump_stack(void) __cold;
enum {
DUMP_PREFIX_NONE,
-
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