Thanks Michael. Answers are inline ... please feel free to change the
man page text for grammer and readability.
Michael Kerrisk wrote:
Hello Janak,
I've been working on a man page for the upcoming 2.6.16 unshare()
syscall, using the documentation that you provided (thank you!)
in your Documentation/unshare.txt patch as a base.
Perhaps you would care to review that page (below), and make
corrections, if needed.
While writing this page, I came up with a number of
questions about the design of this interface:
1. Your original documentation said:
The flags argument specifies one or bitwise-or'ed of
several of the following constants.
However, my reading of the code (I have not yet tested the
syscall) is that 'flags' can be zero. I don't see any problem
with that, but it is in conflict with the statement above,
so it may be worth confirming: what is intended behaviour?
is 'flags' allowed to be zero?
Yes, I agree that the intended behavior of flags == 0 should be clarified.
If flags is zero, then the system call is basically a no-op. You are saying
that you don't want to unshare anything. I have attempted to state this
in the man page source below.
2. Reading the code and your documentation, I see that CLONE_VM
implies CLONE_SIGHAND. Since CLONE_SIGHAND is not implemented
(i.e., results in an EINVAL error), I take it that this means
that at the moment CLONE_VM will not work (i.e., will result
in EINVAL). Is this correct? If so, I will note this in
the man page.
Actually, CLONE_SIGHAND implies CLONE_VM and not the
otherway around. Currently CLONE_VM is supported, as long as
singnal handlers are not being shared. That is, if you created the
process using clone(CLONE_VM), which kept signal handlers
different, then you can unshare VM using unshare(CLONE_VM).
3. The naming of the 'flags' bits is inconsistent. In your
documentation you note:
unshare reverses sharing that was done using clone(2) system
call, so unshare should have a similar interface as clone(2).
That is, since flags in clone(int flags, void *stack)
specifies what should be shared, similar flags in
unshare(int flags) should specify what should be unshared.
Unfortunately, this may appear to invert the meaning of the
flags from the way they are used in clone(2). However,
there was no easy solution that was less confusing and that
allowed incremental context unsharing in future without an
ABI change.
The problem is that the flags don't simply reverse the meanings
of the clone() flags of the same name: they do it inconsistently.
That is, CLONE_FS, CLONE_FILES, and CLONE_VM *reverse* the
effects of the clone() flags of the same name, but CLONE_NEWNS
*has the same meaning* as the clone() flag of the same name.
If *all* of the flags were simply reversed, that would be
a little strange, but comprehensible; but the fact that one of
them is not reversed is very confusing for users of the
interface.
An idea: why not define a new set of flags for unshare()
which are synonyms of the clone() flags, but make their
purpose more obvious to the user, i.e., something like
the following:
#define UNSHARE_VM CLONE_VM
#define UNSHARE_FS CLONE_FS
#define UNSHARE_FILES CLONE_FILES
#define UNSHARE_NS CLONE_NEWNS
etc.
This would avoid confusion for the interface user.
(Yes, I realize that this could be done in glibc, but why
make the kernel and glibc definitions differ?)
I agree that use of clone flags can be confusing. At least a couple of
folks pointed that out when I posted the patch. The issues was even
raised when unshare was proposed few years back on lkml. Some
source of confusion is the special status of CLONE_NEWNS. Because
namespaces are shared by default with fork/clone, it is different than
other CLONE_* flags. That's probably why it was called CLONE_NEWNS
and not CLONE_NS. In the original discussion in Aug'00, Linus
said that "it makes sense that a unshare(CLONE_FILES) basically
_undoes_ the sharing of clone(CLONE_FILES)"
http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0008.3/0662.html
So I decided to follow that as a guidance for unshare interface.
4. Would it not be wise to include a check of the following form
at the entry to sys_unshare():
if (flags & ~(CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_VM |
CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_SYSVSEM | CLONE_THREAD))
return -EINVAL;
This future-proofs the interface against applications
that try to specify extraneous bits in 'flags': if those
bits happen to become meaningful in the future, then the
application behavior would silently change. Adding this
check now prevents applications trying to use those bits
until such a time as they have meaning.
I did have a similar check in the first incarnation of the patch. It was
pointed out, correctly, that it is better to allow all flags so we can
incrementally add new unshare functionality while not making
any ABI changes. unshare follows clone here, which also does not
check for extraneous bits in flags.
Cheers,
Michael
unshare.2 draft man page:
.\" (C) 2006, Janak Desai <[email protected]>
.\" (C) 2006, Michael Kerrisk <[email protected]>
.\" Licensed under the GPL
.\"
.TH UNSHARE 2 2005-03-10 "Linux 2.6.16" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
unshare \- disassociate parts of the process execution context
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <sched.h>
.sp
.BI "int unshare(int " flags );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR unshare ()
allows a process to disassociate parts of its execution
context that are currently being shared with other processes.
Part of the execution context, such as the namespace, is shared
implicitly when a new process is created using
.BR fork (2)
or
.BR vfork (2),
while other parts, such as virtual memory, may be
shared by explicit request when creating a process using
.BR clone (2).
The main use of
.BR unshare (2)
is to allow a process to control its
shared execution context without creating a new process.
The
.I flags
argument is a bit mask that specifies which parts of
the execution context should be unshared.
If no bits are specified, unshare system call does not change the
execution context of the calling process. The flags argument
may be specified
by ORing together one or more of the following constants:
.TP
.B CLONE_FILES
Reverse the effect of the
.BR clone (2)
.B CLONE_FILES
flag.
Unshare the file descriptor table, so that the calling process
no longer shares its file descriptors with any other process.
.TP
.B CLONE_FS
Reverse the effect of the
.BR clone (2)
.B CLONE_FS
flag.
Unshare file system attributes, so that the calling process
no longer shares its root directory, current directory,
or umask attributes with any other process.
.BR chroot (2),
.BR chdir (2),
or
.BR umask (2)
.TP
.B CLONE_NEWNS
This flag has the same effect as the
.BR clone (2)
.B CLONE_NEWNS
flag.
Unshare the namespace, so that the calling process has a private
copy of its namespace which is not shared with any other process.
Specifying this flag automatically implies
.B CLONE_FS
as well.
.TP
.B CLONE_VM
Reverse the effect of the
.BR clone (2)
.B CLONE_VM
flag.
.RB ( CLONE_VM
is also implicitly set by
.BR vfork (2),
and can be reversed using this
.BR unshare ()
flag.)
Unshare virtual memory, so that the calling process no
longer shares its virtual address space with any other process.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success, zero returned. On failure, \-1 is returned and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EPERM
.I flags
specified
.B CLONE_NEWNS
but the calling process was not privileged (did not have the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability).
.TP
.B ENOMEM
Cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy parts of caller's
context that need to be unshared.
.TP
.B EINVAL
An invalid but was specified in
.IR flags .
.SH CONFORMING TO
The
.BR unshare (2)
system call is Linux-specific.
.SH NOTES
Not all of the process attributes that can be shared when
a new process is created using
.BR clone (2)
can be unshared using
.BR unshare ().
In particular, as at kernel 2.6.16,
.BR unshare ()
does not implement
.BR CLONE_SIGHAND ,
.BR CLONE_SYSVSEM ,
or
.BR CLONE_THREAD .
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR clone (2),
.BR fork (2),
.BR vfork (2),
Documentation/unshare.txt
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